In the 18th century known hydrocarbon compounds can only be obtained from living things so that hydrocarbon compounds called organic compounds. characteristic of carbon atoms that can bind to carbon atoms and atoms other than hydrogen atoms. Nature is what makes carbon compounds abundant in nature with various physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon compounds have certain properties due to the existence of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen atoms in it. Atoms are called functional groups hydrocarbons. Functional group on the hydrocarbon compounds are important in its reactivity against compounds or other atoms. Therefore, the Chemists synthesize many hydrocarbon compounds containing different functional groups to be used in various applications. Cosmetics for women, vinegar used in foods, and preservatives of biological material are examples of applications that contain substances of hydrocarbon compounds with different functional groups. What are these hydrocarbon compounds functional groups?
H H H H | | |
H C C H H C C OH | | ||||||
 | | ||||||
H H H H
Wujud : gas (25 °C) Wujud : cair (25 °C) t.d : –89 °C
t.d : –89 °C
What can you conclude from the above observations of the two compounds? Keduasenyawa above different. Differences over the nature of the two compounds caused by one H atom in ethane is replaced by-OH groups. -OH group is what causes the difference between the nature of ethane with ethanol. -OH group is known as functional groups. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that is characteristic of a homologous series. Any carbon compound that has a different functional groups will have different properties pula.Atom carbon, in addition have the ability to bind to other carbon atoms, also can bind to atoms of other elements. In hydrocarbons, carbon atoms can bind with hydrogen atoms to form hydrocarbons. In addition, carbon atoms can also bind to other atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and halogen. Atom or group of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon compounds to determine the properties of carbon compounds. Carbon atoms or clusters are more reactive than others, are called functional groups. In other words, the reactive functional group is part of a carbon senya that determine physical and chemical properties of a carbon senya. If a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) bound to the hydrocarbon compounds, the compounds formed will have the typical physical and chemical properties that are determined by the cluster. general formula by which states R of hydrocarbon residues, and the name of the group of carbon compounds are formed. In addition to determining the nomenclature of carbon compounds by applying (IUPAC), functional groups also determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds bersangkuta More than a million compounds consist of a combination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or some specific elements. The entire compound is part of organic chemistry. In the beginning of organic chemistry involves only compounds derived from living organisms. Living things deemed to have "supernatural power" (vital force) required in the synthesis of organic compounds. In 1928, Friedrich Wohler (German chemist) succeeded in synthesizing urea. Urea is a constituent of urine and can be obtained by heating ammonium cyanates, which are considered as inorganic substances.
No. Golongan Rumus Gugus Contoh Nama
Struktur Fungsi Senyawa Senyawa
1. Haloalkana R – X –X CH3–Cl Klorometana
(metilklorida)2. Alkohol R–OH –OH CH3–OH Metanol
(Alkanol) (metil alkohol)
3. Eter R–O–R –O– CH3–O–CH3 Metoksi metana
(Alkasialkana) (dimetil eter)
4. Aldehid Etanal
(Alkanal) (asetaldehida)
5. Keton Propanon
(Alkanon) (dimetil keton)
6. Asam Karboksilat Asam etanoat
(Asam Alkanoat) (asam asetat)
7. Ester Metil etanoat
(Alkil Alkanoat) (metil asetat)A. HAKLOALKANA
Haloalkana is one of the compounds derived alkanes. Haloalkanamempunyai formula the same structure with the alkanes, only one or more of its H atoms replaced by halogen atoms (X = F, Cl, Br, I).
1. Tata Haloalkana Name
Haloalkana nomenclature can be grouped into two, namely:
a. Tata IUPAC Name
Haloalkana an IUPAC name. While the sequence of how penamaannya as follows:
1) Determine the parent chain, the longest carbon chain containing halogen atoms (X = F, Cl, Br, I).
1) Determine the parent chain, the longest carbon chain containing halogen atoms (X = F, Cl, Br, I).
2) Give the number. Numbering starts from one end of the chain such that the position of the halogen atoms have the smallest number.
Note: If more than one halogen atom, then the priority numbering based on its reactivity,ie F, Cl, Br, I.
3) alkyl group other than the parent chain and the halogen atom as a branch. Contoh: CH3–CH2–Cl (1– kloroetana)
CH2 CH2
 | |
Cl Cl (1,2 – dikloroetana)
CH2 CH2
Cl Br (2 – bromo – 1 – kloroetana)
b. Tata Trivial Name (common)
Monohaloalkana common name is alkilhalida.
Example: CH3-CH2-Cl metilklorida
Manufacture
Making haloalkana can use two types of reactions, namely:
a. Substitution Reaction
Substitution reaction is a reaction to the replacement of one atom or group of atoms
in a molecule by an other atom. For example at high temperature or in the presence of ultraviolet light, one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule can replaced by chlorine and bromine atoms.
in a molecule by an other atom. For example at high temperature or in the presence of ultraviolet light, one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule can replaced by chlorine and bromine atoms.
Example: CH3-CH3 + Cl2 ⎯ ⎯ → CH3-CH2-Cl
Kloroetana ethane (etilklorida)
Ethyl chloride liquid with boiling point 12 ° C is often used as local numbing agent, this fluid absorbs heat for evaporation and evaporates so quickly that freeze tissue and because it causes loss of feeling (pain). Often sprayed on the surface of the body of a baseball player who throwing a ball hit by mistake.
b. Additive reaction (reaction saturation)
Addition reaction is the reaction conversion of double bonds of a molecule (alkene or alkyne) into a single bond.
Example: CH2 = CH2 + Cl2
CH2Cl-CH2Cl+ HBr
CH3-CHBr-CH3
(Remember the rule Markownikov!)
(Remember the rule Markownikov!)
Alcohol and Ether
1. Alcohol
We have long recognized alcohol as a substance that is intoxicating. Because most of the alcohol used erroneously, that only to get drunk, the word alcohol connotation as substances that damage, but there are many benefits that can obtained from alcohol. Intoxicating properties of alcohol only is a small part of the nature of alcohol. Alcohol is alkane derivative compounds containing functional groups - OH. Examples of structural formula one type of alcohol, namely methanol as shown in Figure 4.1. Alcohol compounds are well known and utilized by humans, either in the form of beverages, food, as well as for medical purposes. Some foods and alcoholic beverages are widely consumed by people generated from the fermentation of carbohydrates, such as tape cassava, beverages wine, and others.
a. General formula Alcohol
Consider the following structural formula of carbon compounds.
CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2-OH
CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
What do you conclude? Because of the general formula alkanes is CnH2n +2, then the general formula of alcohol (alkanol) is CnH2n +1 OH or CnH2n +2 O.
c. Types of Alcohol
In the discussion of alkanes in class X, based on its position in structural formula of alkanes, known to the four types of atom C, the primary C atom, secondary C atom, the atom C tertiary, and quaternary C atoms. Based on the location of the cluster function, alcohol can be divided into three types, namely:
1) primary alcohol, namely alcohol function groups (-OH) bound the primary C atom.
Example: CH3-CH2-OH
Example: CH3-CH2-OH
2) secondary alcohols, the alcohol function groups (-OH) bound at the secondary C atom.
Example : CH -CH3- CH –OH CH3
d. Tata Alcohol Name
There are two ways of giving names to the alcohol, namely:
1) Naming a nontrivial, ie starting with the name alkyl groups attached to the-OH group followed by the word alcohol. R OH
Example: CH3-CH2 - OH Ethyl alcohol
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH propyl alcohol
2) Naming the IUPAC system, namely by replacing the suffix a suffix to the alkane with ol (alkanes into alkanol)
Example: CH3-CH2-OH Ethanol
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH propanol
How should I name alkanol compounds that have alkyl branch? Consider the following alkanol naming rules! Alcohol sequence according to IUPAC Naming Compounds
1) Determine the parent chain, the longest carbon chain contain a - OH group, other than that of other carbon atoms as branch.
2) Give the number on the parent chain that starts at one end of the chain, so that position - OH group received the smallest number. (Note not be number one!)
3) The order of naming: • The number of C atoms that binds the branch • name of the branch: - CH3 methyl - C2H5 ethyl • name of the parent chain (alkanol)
e. Alcohol Keisomeran
Alcohol has three kinds keisomeran as follows.
1) Keisomeran Position
Keisomeran position, namely that occur because keisomeran differences in location-OH groups in the alcohol molecule. Keisomeran position in the alcohol began there in having propanol two isomers, namely 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
CH3-CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CH (OH) - CH3
CH3-CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CH (OH) - CH3
1-propanol 2-propanol
How to determine the number of position isomers of alcohol:
a) Make possible atom framework C.
b) Determine the possible location of-OH groups at positions different in each form the framework of atom C.
To study the organic compounds are very many, we must classify them in groups based on clusters of atoms that possess by an organic compound. Each faction has a unique atomic clusters, and clusters of atoms is what distinguishes a class from another class. Atom clusters that are characteristic of a class of organic compounds is called a functional group. Therefore, the carbon chains somewhat less reactive to a chemical attack, the chemical properties of a class of organic compounds is determined by the functional group has.
All organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of alkanes, for a class of organic compounds would be obtained if we replace one or more H atoms in alkanes with a particular functional group. For example, if an H atom on ethane, CH3CH3, we replace with hydroxyl (OH -) then we will get the ethanol, CH3CH2OH, a substance that belonged alkanol (alcohol).
Cluster replacement is crucial nature of the related compounds, both physical and chemical properties. Ethanol (C2H5OH) have very different properties with ethane (C2H6), but similar to ethanol and methanol (CH3OH), which is another compound with similar replacement group. That is why the replacement cluster is called functional groups, which means determining the nature of clusters.
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